The Top 13 Worst Jobs with the Best Pay

These are dirty jobs and somebody has to do them. At least they get paid well for their efforts
Think you have a lousy job? You're not alone. So do about half of your fellow workers—and about a quarter of them are only showing up to collect a paycheck, according to a survey conducted by London-based market information company TNS. Grumbling over the size of that check is common, too. About two-thirds of workers believe they don't get paid enough, says TNS—even though many of them may actually be overpaid, compared to average compensation data

Crime-Scene Cleaner
Average pay: $50,400
If crime-scene cleanup was just wiping blood off the floors—well, that would be easy. But CSI fans with get-rich-quick dreams should note the job involves more than handiness with a mop and a tolerance for the smell of decomposing flesh. Getting rid of bodily fluids typically calls for more rough-and-ready methods, such as ripping up carpet, tile, and baseboards. It also sometimes means working in confined spaces (if someone was electrocuted in an attic, for example). And when tearing up old houses, workers face exposure to hazards such as lead paint and asbestos—not to mention the combustible chemicals involved in drug-lab abatement.

Crime Scene Cleanup: What It Involves

The Restoration Resource

A crime scene cleanup service is not without its complications. Crime scene cleaning encompasses restoring the crime scene to its original state. When a crime is usually discovered, crime scene cleaners are not called until after officers of the law, like the crime scene investigators, have done their jobs first and have given the go ahead for the cleaners to come in. If you intend to hire a crime scene cleanup company, you must make sure that they are well equipped and fit right to get the job done. A crime scene presents challenging conditions.

The Use Of Protective Gears:
Crime scenes can very well involve the use of hazardous or deadly substances. For safety reasons then, it has become imperative that crime scene cleaners use protective clothing, in addition to protective tools and gadgets. You must see to it that they have all the necessary protective gears and gadgets. The protective clothing can consist of disposable gloves and suits. A disposable gear is preferred nowadays since it offers the best protection against contamination. You use it one time and get rid of it. That way, the dangers of contamination is virtually brought down to zero percent. Protective clothing extends to respirators and the use of heavy-duty industrial or chemical-spill protective boots.

Among the gadgets that a crime scene cleaning company must have are special brushes, special sprayers, and wet vacuum. These special tools ensure added protection against getting into contact with the hazard could very well be present in the crime scene. There is large, special equipment such as a mounted steam injection tool that is designed to sanitize dried up biohazard materials such as scattered flesh and brain. You would also need to check if they have the specialized tank for chemical treatments and industrial strength waste containers to collect biohazard waste.

Of course, any crime scene clean up must have the usual cleaning supplies common to all cleaning service companies. There are the buckets, mops, brushes and spray bottles. For cleaning products, you should check if they use industrial cleaning products. A crime scene cleaning company must have these on their lists:

1 - Disinfectants including hydrogen peroxide and bleaches - The kinds that the hospitals used are commonly acceptable.

2 - Enzyme solvers for cleaning blood stains. It also kills viruses and bacteria.

3 - Odor removers such as foggers, ozone machines, and deodorizers

4 - Handy tools for breaking and extending such as saws, sledgehammers, and ladders

Established crime scene operators also equip themselves with cameras and take pictures of the crime scene before commencing work which. The pictures taken may prove useful for legal matters and insurance purposes. You never know which.

Needless to say, a specially fitted form of transportation and proper waste disposal is also needed. These requirements are specific. As you can imagine, crime scene cleaning is in a different category on its own. A home cleaning or janitorial service company may not be able to cope up with the demands of a crime scene. A crime scene cleanup service requires many special gears and tools that a home cleaning or a janitorial service company does not usually have or does not require. Crime scene cleaning if not done correctly can expose the public to untold hazards.

What Else To Look For In A Crime Scene Cleanup Company
You may also want to hire a company that has established itself. An experienced company with a strong reputation is always a plus but it could be expensive too. You will do well to balance your needs with what is your budget. There are several companies that offer specific prices such as for death scene clean up categories and suicide clean up categories. Most companies own a website and have round the clock customer service as receptionists.

When looking for a suitable crime scene cleaning service, among the first things you need to do is to scout for price quotes. Crime scene cleanup services usually provide quote after they have examined the crime scene and then they give you a definite quote. Factors that are usually considered include the number of personnel that will be needed to get the job done. It also includes the amount of time that might be needed. The nature and amount of the waste materials that need to be disposed will also be factored in. You can be sure that the more sophisticated equipments needed the more expensive it will get.

Crime Scene Cleanup And Your Insurance
For homeowners, the best approach is always to make sure that crime scene cleanup services clauses and provisions are written down on the contracts or policies. The inclusion of crime cleanup services clauses is very common and has become standard clause in most homeowner’s policy. Make sure that you are covered for this unforeseen event. Make sure that your policy directs the crime scene cleaning company to transact directly with the homeowner insurance company. A crime scene cleaning service is usually a standard clause in many homeowners’ insurance clause. These companies often do the paperwork in behalf of clients.

If for some reason you do not have such coverage by any policies relating to crime scene cleanup on your home, there are ways to keep your expenses controlled.

Finding the right company can be very taxing, especially that you have to deal with the emotional stress stemming from the crime itself, especially with a crime scene involving death.

There are many crime scene cleanup companies in operation nowadays. There are reliable professionals that you can hire and prices are relatively competitive. As of recently, crime-scene cleanup services can cost up to $600 for an hour of their service. A homicide case alone involving a single room and a huge amount of blood can cost about $1,000 to $3,000.

In recent years, crime scene cleaning has come to be known as, "Crime and Trauma Scene Decontamination or CTS. Basically, CTS is a special form of crime scene cleaning focusing on decontamination of the crime scene from hazardous substances such as those resulting from violent crimes or those involving chemical contaminations such as methamphetamine labs or anthrax production. This type of service is particularly common when violent crimes are committed in a home. It is rare that the residents move out of the home after it has become a scene of a crime. Most often, the residents just opt to have it cleaned up. That is why, it is very important to hire the best crime scene cleaning company out there. The place needs to be totally free from contamination of any kind. You have to make sure that the company is able to remove all traces of the violent crime that took place. This includes cleaning biohazards that are sometimes invisible to the untrained eye.

Legally speaking, federal laws state that all bodily fluids are deemed biohazards and you should make sure that the cleanup service company you hire understands this and includes it in the cleanup. These things appear as blood or tissue splattered on a crime scene. You must be able to hire a company that is equipped with special knowledge to safely handle biohazard materials. The company must have the knowledge what to search for in any give biohazard crime scene. For instance, the company should be able to tell clues such that if there is a bloodstain the size of a thumbnail on a carpet, you can bet that there is about a huge bloodstain underneath. Federal and State laws have their own laws in terms of transport and disposal of biohazard waste. Make sure that the company you hire has all the permits necessary.

It will also be a huge plus if you could hire people who not only has the special trainings but also who have the nature to be sympathetic. If you are close to the victim and have the cleaning done at the behest of the victim’s relatives, it would matter that the cleaners tread the site with some level of respect. It is a common site that family members and loved ones are often there at scene. In general, when looking for a suitable crime scene cleaners, you would take into considerations the kind of situation that the crimes scene presents and the demands that it require. Crime scene cleaning companies handle a wide variety of crime scenes and prices may vary from one to the other crime scene and one to the other company.

Each type of scene requires its own particular demands not only to make the crime scene look clean and neat on the surface but to make it germ free, and clean inside and to make it free from all deadly and infectious substances. The cleanup cost for biohazards may vary depending on degree of the bio hazard(s) on the scene. There may even be a category that changes the cleanup pricing which usually involves decomposing bodies and carcasses. Likewise, a cleanup of chemical hazards vary, depending on the amount of chemical hazards as well as the grades i.e. how hazardous the substance is in terms of human contact. Prices are also determined by the number of hours and personnel that it would to get the crime scene cleaned. In addition, the "gross factor" from crime scene involving death and gore needs to be taken under consideration regarding the chemicals that will be used as opposed to those crimes' that do not have gore involved.

Three meth suspects arrested, two connected to an earlier bust

By Elizabeth Richardson
The Times-Herald

Three suspects were arrested in a methamphetamine raid on Thursday, two of them connected to Tuesday's meth raid on Price Road in north Coweta.

Kevin Eugene Banks, Michael Ryan Fields and Wendy Lee Smith have all been arrested and charged with manufacturing methamphetamine -- a felony -- felony possession of meth and one count possession marijuana, according to Coweta Sheriff's Office Investigator Edwin Rivera.

The suspects were arrested Thursday afternoon at 18 Bittersweet Lane, located off Franklin Highway, by members of the Coweta Crime Suppression Unit's Narcotics Task Force.

According to Rivera, the Georgia Bureau of Investigation's West Georgia Task Force had an informant make a meth buy from Banks at the Bittersweet Lane residence. The task force then contacted the Coweta County Sheriff's Office to keep them informed.

Unbeknownst to the GBI, Banks was already a suspect in the ongoing investigation following Melissa Ann Black's arrest on Tuesday for possession of meth and criminal attempt to manufacture meth. Banks also had two active warrants for his arrest out of the sheriff's office.

According to Rivera, the sheriff's office launched an independent investigation and determined that the homeowner at 18 Bittersweet Lane -- Fields -- also had an outstanding warrant for failure to appear.

Investigators served the arrest warrants for Fields and Banks on Thursday around 4 p.m. at the residence on Bittersweet Lane. On the scene, police saw smoking devices for drugs in plain sight and smelled recently burned marijuana. Fields, Banks and Banks' girlfriend, Smith, were all at the residence when the warrants were served, according to Rivera.

The sheriff's office obtained a search warrant, and inside the residence officers found meth, a small amount of marijuana and numerous smoking devices for both meth and marijuana. In a detached garage on the property, investigators found a meth lab consisting of two already spent "cooks" -- or bottles used as meth labs to manufacture the drug -- and three to four gas generators used to produce the gas necessary to get meth to its finished form, according to Sgt. Pat Lyons. One "cook" is capable of producing a half to a whole ounce of meth, said Lyons.

Additional warrants will be taken for Banks and Smith for their involvement in the meth raid from Tuesday, according to Rivera. Both will be charged with criminal attempt to manufacture meth. Both were spotted with Black on Tuesday at Wal-Mart attempting to purchase items that happen to be ingredients for making meth, according to the investigator.

Banks and Smith were not arrested on Tuesday because they had left the Price Road home before investigators executed the search warrant.

In response to complaints from the homeowner at 33 Price Road -- Jimmy Black -- Coweta Sheriff's Office Sgt. John Kennedy explained on Friday that the homeowners have not been criminally charged in the meth raids.

"There is nothing to disprove that they were not trying to correct the issues [at 33 Price Road], including cleaning up the property and the activity that had been taking place," said Kennedy. "The homeowners have been very cooperative in the investigation."

Risks of Using In-house Employees for Environmental Cleanups

By Gerard M. Giordano, Esq.

In an attempt to save money, property owners may be tempted to use their own Employees to clean up contamination at their facilities in order to comply with state or federal environmental laws. However, there may not be any real savings because when property owners (as employers)do commit to such a venture,they must comply with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA)regulations that may be applicable. These are designed to protect employees from occupational injuries and illnesses,and failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines that may offset any savings.

A property owner who orders his employees to clean up or work with hazardous substances must comply with a number of precautionary regulations. The most comprehensive is 29 CFR 1910.120, which deals with hazardous waste operations and emergency response. An employer is required to develop and put into writing a safety and health program for any employees engaged in hazardous waste cleanup operations.

The elements of an effective program include requiring an employer to identify and evaluate specific hazards and to determine the appropriate safety and health control procedures to protect employees before any work is initiated. Likewise, protective equipment must be utilized by employees during the initial site entry and, if required,during subsequent work at the site. The employer must also periodically monitor employees who may be exposed to hazardous substances in excess of OSHA ’s regulations.

Once the presence and concentration of specific hazardous substances and health hazards have been established, employees involved in the cleanup operations must be informed of any risks associated with their work. Under certain ircumstances,regular ongoing medical surveillance of employees by a licensed physician, and without cost to the employees or lost pay, may be required.

Numerous other safeguards are also required by OSHA. For example, OSHA’s hazardous communications program, 29 CFR 1910.120, requires an employer to establish and implement a hazard communication program if, during the course of the cleanup, employees may be exposed to hazardous chemicals.

The requirements are essentially the same as those in workplaces where employees are routinely exposed to hazardous chemicals. The program must include container labeling, production of material safety data sheets and employee training. The employer must also provide a full description of the OSHA compliance program to employees, contractors and subcontractors involved with the cleanup operations as well as OSHA,and to any other federal,state or local agency with regulatory authority over the cleanup.

Regulation 29 CFR 1910.120 also requires an employer that retains the services of a contractor or subcontractor to inform them of any identified potential hazards of the cleanup operations. Generally, it is the involvement of employees that triggers an employer’s obligations under the Occupational Safety and Health Act. If contractors were retained, it would be the contractors’ responsibility to comply with these OSHA requirements on behalf of their employees, assuming that the employer
retaining the contractor has neither employees involved in the cleanup nor employees potentially exposed to health hazards arising from the cleanup.

In addition to the contractor’s required compliance with OSHA regulations, it is imperative that a property owner include in any agreement with the contractor that the contractor must comply with all pertinent OSHA regulations. If possible,the agreement should also provide for indemnifications from the contractor to the property owner for claims arising from the cleanup. These indemnifications will be important if the employees of the contractor are injured or subsequently become ill because of such work. The indemnifications should survive the completion of the work. These precautions will help insulate the property owner from both governmental actions and potential third-party claims.

Failure to comply with OSHA regulations on the part of the property owner who uses his own employees to perform a cleanup or work with hazardous substances may result in substantial penalties. Under OSHA, fines can be levied for each violation found by an inspector. These violations can result in non-serious, serious or willful violations with penalties as high as $70,000 for each violation. If a subsequent inspection is performed and violations are found which have not been corrected from an original inspection,daily penalties could be levied resulting in substantial fines.

Compliance with OSHA regulations should be a factor when a property owner decides to use in-house employees for cleanups. In the long run, there may not be any savings to the employer. Furthermore, because of the employer’s lack of familiarity with the OSHA regulations governing the cleanup of hazardous sites,the employer could be subject to fines as a result of its failure to comply with the OSHA regulations.

Therefore, it may be prudent in the long run to retain a company whose business is devoted to doing only cleanups. This company will have the expertise and continuing obligations to protect its employees.

Gerard Giordano is special counsel at the law firm of Cole, Schotz, Meisel, Forman & Leonard, P.A., based in Hackensack, NJ. He is a member of the firm’s Environmental Department, and his practice focuses particularly on OSHA matters. Prior to practicing law, Mr. Giordano worked at the U.S. Department of Labor – Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) as an industrial hygiene compliance officer.

CSI Statesboro: Forensic anthropologist moves crime scene clean-up business to Bulloch

By PHIL BOYUM
pboyum@statesboroherald.com

Statesboro now has its own forensic anthropologist who performs all the duties and more of the characters on the popular television show CSI — without all the interrogation.
Harold Kovach is an independent forensic anthropologist, biomedical recovery specialist and a crime scene cleaner, who operates his own business — Independent Crime Cleaning Resources. He has recently located to the area in order to be close to his fiancee, Janita, who is a French teacher in Statesboro. They will be married in June.
“I’m looking forward to being a member of the Statesboro community,” said Kovach.
ICCR is a company that specializes in cleaning and restoration services for accidents, crime and trauma scenes related to homicides, suicides, undiscovered deaths and natural disasters. Though a tough and gruesome business for some to even contemplate, Kovach said he’s found his place.
“I found my calling. My calling is to help people during the worst-case scenario,” said Kovach. “I help people who’ve lost a friend, neighbor or loved one. It’s important for me to do these things.”
In addition to cleaning up after a trauma or violent crime, part of his professional responsibilities includes victim identification. At the behest of the president, he was deployed three times in Louisiana to help identify victims of the Katrina disaster. He also was sent to Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, Africa and the Philippines in order to identify victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Kovach was on a team that identified over 9,000 victims.
Though it goes without saying, that kind of disaster is not everyone’s cup of tea.
“The magnitude of death was overwhelming,” said Kovach. “When you have thousands and thousands of bodies stacked up three high over 150 yards and the smell of death is coming at you like the force of the tsunami itself, no one can understand that. Either you’re going to break or you’re going to make it. You can’t let it psychologically throw you.”
Kovach has three employees other than himself who are on-call 24/7 to respond to emergencies. Since there is no way to schedule this type of work, his employees — a doctor, a registered nurse and a prison guard — also have regular jobs. They are required to be clean shaven since odors can cling to the hair and prevent the protective mask from sealing properly.
“Safety is number one in this business,” said Kovach. “I treat each crime scene as suspect, as if it were the worst of the worst, to protect from hazards.”
His truck is full of safety and protective equipment. Along with his full-body Tyvek suit, rubber gloves and boots, he carries cleaning products, biohazard bags, air purifiers and an ozone blaster — used to remove smells from the air. He also has a variety of hand tools in case he has to take apart furniture, tear out part of the carpet or even break into walls in order to remove hazardous materials.
As he gave a tour of the equipment in his truck, he used all of the terms we have come to know and love from the CSI shows: Luminol, blood-borne pathogen, fingerprint powder and phenolphthalein. These tools give him the ability to recover biomedical indicators used in identifying bodies or test for potentially hazardous materials.
Kovach said that fingerprints are the easiest method for identification, since so many professions require fingerprinting and background checks prior to employment.
“It depends upon their state, but probably the easiest way would be to lift the print and run it through the database,” said Kovach.
Kovach attended the University of South Florida, receiving a bachelor’s degree in chemistry and biology, a minor in animal science and a Master’s in chemistry. He also earned a doctorate in forensic anthropology from South Carolina and also obtained another bachelor’s in criminal justice. He has over 18 years experience in his field, numerous certifications and is available for community awareness seminars, lectures and motivational speeches. He can be contacted at (912) 678-1984.

Businesses clean up in aftermath of crime

Death terrified Harold Kovach as a child.
It wasn't until years later, when he managed a commercial hog farm in Virginia and witnessed the cycle of life, that he realized death happens to every living thing.

He said he came to realize it wasn't so scary after all. As Mr. Kovach overcame his fear, he left hog farming behind and moved on to a discreet business that only those with strong stomachs can excel at.

Mr. Kovach, 41, is one of a small but growing group of entrepreneurs who have the unpleasant job of scouring, bleaching, disinfecting and removing all signs of violent or unattended deaths from homes, vehicles and public places.

Throughout the country, professional cleanup businesses thrive, said Bob Lintzenich, a training specialist for Servpro, a cleanup business based in Gallatin, Tenn. Some companies focus exclusively on cleaning biohazards - blood, other bodily fluids and decomposed bodies left over from crimes - while others also renovate structures ravaged by fire or flood, Mr. Lintzenich said.

These businesses - the ones no one thinks of until tragedy strikes - have been around for years, says Jeff Daniel, a co-owner of CSRA Bio-Clean, of Augusta.

Many of these companies originated in larger cities in California and New York and eventually spread to smaller cities, said Mr. Daniel, 40.

CSRA Bio-Clean was conceived two years ago as Mr. Daniel and his business partner, Paul Duckworth, flipped through the television channels and saw a program about crime scene cleanup businesses.

The two firefighters, then with Augusta-Richmond County Fire Department Station 17, did some research and discovered there were few, if any, businesses exclusively cleaning up biohazards in the area.

A few more have sprung up since then, but the profession is not for everyone.

"You have to be mentally prepared to do the job, and when you leave the job, you have to be mentally prepared to remember you have another life," said Mr. Kovach, the owner of Augusta-based Independent Crime Cleaning Resources. "Sometimes it lingers on your mind, and that's normal."

Murders involving children affect him most, Mr. Kovach says. That's when the Seventh-Day Adventist turns to God and his pastor to give him the strength to continue providing such a gruesome, but needed, service to grieving families.


A KEY ASPECT of the business is providing the assurance that any evidence of the violent death of a loved one will be erased, he said.

It would be psychologically catastrophic for a family member to clean up the remains of a beloved relative, Mr. Kovach said. Providing a comforting service to the family is perhaps the most important part of his job, he says.

If Mr. Kovach, who travels to 12 states along the East Coast for cleanups, can't make it to a crime scene, he will recommend other businesses closer to the area.

For him, it's all about the welfare of those left behind.

"It's sad to know people die, but it's good to know that someone can take care of the situation to relieve the family members of having to do this," Mr. Kovach said.

Advertising for such a business can be sensitive, so both Mr. Kovach and Mr. Daniel depend on word of mouth from those who deal with death on a daily basis.

Each time Columbia County authorities handle a gruesome death, County Coroner Grover Tuten gives three business cards bearing the names of local crime scene cleanup businesses to the families of the victim or the owner of the property where the person died.

Funeral home employees also provide the names of cleanup businesses to grieving family members, Mr. Daniel said.

Answering services or company employees reach Mr. Daniel and Mr. Kovach 24 hours a day for cleanup emergencies.

The job isn't quite full-time. Mr. Daniel says he cleans local crime scenes four or five times a month, while Mr. Kovach travels to different states to clean 10-12 days out of the month.

The remainder of the year, Mr. Daniel is a firefighter with Station 17; Mr. Kovach works odd jobs.


BESIDES THE GRIM settings to which crime scene cleanup employees become accustomed, the employees must be ready for hazardous environments.

Mr. Lintzenich says crime scene cleanup companies will not send employees to clean biohazards without the proper training.

Cleanup businesses must follow regulations that state and federal organizations such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration have outlined to safely remove blood-borne pathogens and other harmful substances found in bodily fluids, Mr. Lintzenich says.

To protect against viruses such as HIV and hepatitis B, which can live for hours outside the human body, employees wear full-body protective suits and gloves and use respirators to breathe, Mr. Kovach says.

Mr. Kovach even breaks ammonia capsules in front of his employees to determine whether their respirators are airtight.

If they smell ammonia, there is a leak in the respirator, which could allow workers to breathe harmful material at the crime scene.

"Safety is such a key factor in this," Mr. Kovach said. "It can cost you your life."

The work is labor-intensive. The employees remove odors from the air with an ozone generator and rip out stained carpet.

They dispose of human tissue, bone and other waste in containers clearly marked "biohazard."

Because federal and state agencies regulate the disposal of biohazardous waste, Mr. Daniel and Mr. Kovach haul the boxes to a designated pickup spot.

A biomedical waste company then picks up the waste to transport it to another site, where the material is incinerated.

If you can stand the work, the business can be a lucrative one.

Mr. Daniel says his company charges $500 for the first hour of a cleanup.

Then, the rate increases to $200 per hour per working employee.

For Mr. Kovach, a crime scene cleanup can cost anywhere from $200 to thousands of dollars, he says.

But the real payment, Mr. Kovach says, is remembering those he has helped and looking forward to those he will help in the future to overcome family tragedy.

"It's the people, the family members that I really care about," Mr. Kovach said.


Reach Kate Lewis at (706) 823-3215 or kate.lewis@augustachronicle.com.

The economic cost of methamphetamine use in the United States

Medical Research News

The economic cost of methamphetamine use in the United States reached $23.4 billion in 2005, including the burden of addiction, premature death, drug treatment and many other aspects of the drug, according to a new RAND Corporation study.
The RAND study is the first effort to construct a comprehensive national assessment of the costs of the methamphetamine problem in the United States.

"Our findings show that the economic burden of methamphetamine abuse is substantial," said Nancy Nicosia, the study's lead author and an economist at RAND, a nonprofit research organization.

Although methamphetamine causes some unique harms, the study finds that many of the primary issues that account for the burden of methamphetamine use are similar to those identified in economic assessments of other illicit drugs.

Given the uncertainty in estimating the costs of methamphetamine use, researchers created a range of estimates. The lowest estimate for the cost of methamphetamine use in 2005 was $16.2 billion, while $48.3 billion was the highest estimate. Researchers' best estimate of the overall economic burden of methamphetamine use is $23.4 billion

The study was sponsored by the Meth Project Foundation, a nonprofit group dedicated to reducing first-time methamphetamine use. Additional support was provided by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.

"We commissioned this study to provide decision makers with the best possible estimate of the financial burden that methamphetamine use places on the American public," said Tom Siebel, founder and chairman of the Meth Project. "This is the first comprehensive economic impact study ever to be conducted with the rigor of a traditional cost of illness study, applied specifically to methamphetamine. It provides a conservative estimate of the total cost of meth, and it reinforces the need to invest in serious prevention programs that work."

The RAND analysis found that nearly two-thirds of the economic costs caused by methamphetamine use resulted from the burden of addiction and an estimated 900 premature deaths among users in 2005. The burden of addiction was measured by quantifying the impact of the lower quality of life experienced by those addicted to the drug.

Crime and criminal justice expenses account for the second-largest category of economic costs, according to researchers. These costs include the burden of arresting and incarcerating drug offenders, as well as the costs of additional non-drug crimes caused by methamphetamine use, such as thefts committed to support a drug habit.

Other costs that significantly contribute to the RAND estimate include lost productivity, the expense of removing children from their parents' homes because of methamphetamine use and spending for drug treatment.

One new category of cost captured in the analysis is the expense associated with the production of methamphetamine. Producing methamphetamine requires toxic chemicals that can result in fire, explosions and other events. The resulting costs include the injuries suffered by emergency personnel and other victims, and efforts to clean up the hazardous waste generated by the production process.

Researchers caution that their estimates are in some cases based on an emerging understanding of methamphetamine's role in these harms and should be further refined as understanding of these issues matures. The RAND report also identifies costs that cannot yet be adequately quantified.

"Estimates of the economic costs of illicit drug use can highlight the consequences of illegal drug use on our society and focus attention on the primary drivers of those costs," Nicosia said. "But more work is needed to identify areas where interventions to reduce these harms could prove most effective."

Methamphetamine is a highly addictive substance that can be taken orally, injected, snorted or smoked. While national surveys suggest that methamphetamine use is far from common, there is evidence that the harms of methamphetamine may be concentrated in certain regions. One indicator of the problem locally is treatment admissions. Methamphetamine was the primary drug of abuse in 59 percent of the treatment admissions in Hawaii in 2004 and accounted for 38 percent of such admissions in Arizona in 2004.

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